Which age, sex and season brings more chances of intussusception for children-an analysis

To know as to which age, sex and season has more cases of intussusception, in children up to the age of 12 years. This prospective study spread over a period of 18 months. A total of 71 patients with surgically diagnosed intussusception were studied. The relevant data, both pre-operative and post-operative, of children who were operated for intestinal obstruction and finally turned out to be suffering from intussusception, was entered in a pre-designed proforma and the information so obtained was analyzed according to objectives of the study. Out of 71 children 55 [77.45%] were male and 16 [22.55%] were female patients. Male to female ratio was 3.4:1. 16[22.53%] were 3 to 7 months old, 55 [77.46%] below 1 year, 16 [22.53%] between 1 to 2 years and 13 [18.30%] above 2 years. 9 [12.67%] were recorded in January, 6 [8.45%] in February, 8 [11.26%] in March, 2 [2.81%] in April, 11 [15.49%] in May, 4 [5.63%] in June, 4 [5.63%] in July, 2 [2.81%] in August, 9 [12.67%] in September, 6 [8.45%] in October, 7 [9.85%] in November, 3 [4.22%] in December., Intussusception is more common in male than female children and again is more common below the age of 2 years and occurs mostly in January-March, May and September to November months of the year, the first 3 months and month of May coinciding with the period when gastroenteritis is endemic and September - November when respiratory tract infections predominate in children

Retrospective analysis of clinical presentation of children with diagnosed intussusception

To know the presenting clinical features of intussusception in children up-to the age of twelve years. The study was conducted at the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Post-Graduate Medical Institute, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, over a period of 18 months. A total of 71 patients with diagnosed intussusception were included. The relevant data, both pre-operative and postoperative, of children who were operated for intestinal obstruction and finally turned out to be suffering from intussusception, was fed into a pre-designed proforma and the information so obtained was analyzed according to objectives of the study. The common presenting features were colicky abdominal pain in 70 [98:59%] cases, vomiting in 67 [94.36%] cases, abdominal distension in 67 [94.36%] cases, constipation in 63 [88.73%] cases, bleeding per rectum in 61 [85.91%] cases, palpable mass per abdomen in 56 [78.87%] cases and fever in 18 [25.35%] cases. In 11 [15.49%] cases there was a mass palpable per digital rectal examination and 05 [07.04%] patients had diarrhoea on presentation. Colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, abdominal distention, constipation, bleeding per rectum, palpable mass per abdomen are the commonest presenting clinical features of intussusception in children

Evaluation of the gonadotropic ratios among men with varying sperm quality

This study was designed to determine the levels of serum LH and FSH, along with their ratios, among men with varying sperm quality. One hundred fifty married men, presenting with a complaint of infertility, which had been evaluated for their seminal profile, and had been classified as azoospermic [50], oligozoospermic [50], asthenozoospermic [20] and normozoospermic [30] were studied for the analysis of serum LH, FSH, levels using Enzyme Immuno Assay [EIA]. Data were compared using student "t-test. The FSH and LH level indicated inverse/negative correlation to sperm concentration. The mean FSH and LH levels for the groups were 22.92 +/- 4.15 and 13.85 +/- 2.33 [Azoospermia], 16.82 +/- 3.79 and 10.92 +/- 3.79 [Oligozoospermia], 3.22 +/- 0.61 and 3.92 +/- 1.17 [Asthenozoospermia] while the levels in normozoospermic men were 5.53 +/- 0.52 and 7.40 +/- 0.60. Similarly, the LH/FSH and FSH/LH ratios in the four groups were 0.77 +/- 0.08 and 1.84 +/- 0.22 [Azoospermia], 1.78 +/- 0.41 and 1.47 +/- 0.18 [Oligozoospermia], 1.51 +/- 0.46 and 1.28 +/- 0.28 [Asthenozoospermia] and the respective ratios in normozoospermic men were 1.55 +/- 0.16 and 0.85 +/- 0.10. The present data indicate that disturbance in gonadotropin ratios also causes infertility, since these hormones act synergistically.

Evaluation of correlation between diabetes and hypertension and contributing various factors

Diabetic patients in the Hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology Rawalpindi; Heart's International, Rawalpindi; Al Shifa Hospital Islamabad Age, sex, fasting plasma glucose level, random glucose level, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, income, occupation, education and employment status. All the 234 diabetic patients were categorized into group A comprising of diabetes with hypertension and group B comprising of diabetes with hypotension as set by WHO criteria. Both groups A and B were recognized after comparison with group C comprising of Normal/Control subjects. The plasma glucose level and blood pressure of all the 234 patients were measured. Only 17% diabetic patients were found with hypertension and having significant correlation [p < 0.05] of systolic blood pressure and plasma glucose values. But no significant correlation was noted between diabetic patients with hypotension [group B] and group C. In general, we observed higher levels of morbidity in the lower socio-economic class. There exists no correlation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with plasma glucose value between the overall diabetic patients and control group.of subjects. However, there exists positive correlation of r = +0.412 between systolic blood pressure and plasma glucose level within the patients of group A, comprising of diabetes with hypertension

Semen Parameters and hormonal profile of infertile patients

Semen analysis is the most valuable diagnostic tool in the assessment of male fertility potential. Possible changes were determined in semen quality of Pakistani infertile men, over a period of 3 years [1999 to 2002]. Retrospective analysis of semen volume, liquefaction time, pH and sperm concentration were carried out for 150 men' from infertile couples in which 50 cases [33.33%] showed azoospermia [A], 50 cases [33.33%] had oligozoospermia [B], 20 cases [13.33%] were asthenozoospermic [C] and 30 cases [20%] were found to be normozoospermic [D]. The linear regression analysis shows a decrease in semen volume in groups A and B, mean semen volume [ml] for the four respective studied groups being 1.5 +/- 0.4, 1.7 +/- 2, 2.5 +/- 0.1 and 2.4 +/- 0. The mean liquefaction time [min] was 37.5 +/- 0.7, 28.7 +/- 3.7, 18.5 +/- 0.7 and 18.6 +/- 3.6 in groups A, B, C and D, respectively, showing linear increase in groups A and B. pH did not vary much amongst groups and ranged from 7.0-8.5. Mean sperm concentration was 0.0, 6.7 +/- 1.7, 45.3 +/- 8.8 and 86.8 +/- 7.5 million/ml in groups A, B, C and D. The hormonal profile showed normal or low levels of testosterone while FSH and LH levels indicated inverse/negative correlation to sperm concentration, whereas no significant relationship between serum prolactin and semen density was detectable between different groups

Comparative lipid profile studies in cardiac and diabetic conditions

Lipid profile in cardiac patients [myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, ischaemic heart disease], diabetic patients and normal humans was investigated. Total serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], triglycerides, blood glucose, calcium, potassium and sodium were determined, employing established methods and procedures. Higher level of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride were found in both cardiac and diabetic patients, however, cardiac patients had much lower level of HDL-C as compared to normal humans. Age wise comparison revealed that level of total cholesterol; triglyceride and LDL-C were elevating while the level of HDL-C were decreasing with the age in cardiac and diabetic patients. Sex wise comparison showed that females had higher HDL-C level than males and therefore had fewer incidences of heart diseases. The level of Ca++, K+ and Na+ were similar in all age groups and sexes. No significant elevation in the level of these electrolytes was discovered